Modeling Particulate Matter Concentrations in Makkah, Applying a Statistical Modeling Approach

Received: November 14, 2012
Revised: January 15, 2013
Accepted: January 15, 2013
Download Citation: RIS|BibTeX|https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2012.11.0314  

Cite this article:
Munir, S., Habeebullah, T.M., Seroji, A.R., Morsy, E.A., Mohammed, A.M., Saud, W.A., Abdou, A.E. and Awad, A.H. (2013). Modeling Particulate Matter Concentrations in Makkah, Applying a Statistical Modeling Approach. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 13: 901-910. https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2012.11.0314

ABSTRACT

Particulate matter originates from a variety of sources in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Since Makkah is situated in an arid region and is a very busy city due to its religious importance in the Muslim world, PM₁₀ concentrations here exceed the international and national air quality standards set for the protection of human health. The main aim of this paper is to model PM₁₀ concentrations with the aid of meteorological variables (wind speed, wind direction, temperature, and relative humidity) and traffic related air pollutant concentrations (carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), sulphur dioxide (SO₂) and lag_PM₁₀ concentrations), which are measured at the same location near Al-Haram (the Holy Mosque) in Makkah. A Generalized Additive Model was developed for predicting hourly PM₁₀ concentrations. Predicted and observed PM₁₀ concentrations are compared, and several metrics, including the coefficients of determination (R² = 0.52), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE = 84), Fractional Bias (FB = –0.22) and Factor of 2 (FAC2 = 0.88), are calculated to assess the performance of the model. The results of these, along with a graphical comparison of the predicted and observed concentrations, show that model is able to perform well. While effects of all the covariates were significant (p-value < 0.01), the meteorological variables, such as temperature and wind speed, seem to be the major controlling factors with regard to PM₁₀ concentrations. Traffic related air pollutants showed a weak association with PM₁₀ concentrations, suggesting road traffic is not the major source of these. No modeling study has been published with regards to air pollution in Makkah and thus this is the first work of this kind. Further work is required to characterize road traffic flow, speed and composition and quantify the contribution of each source, which is part of the ongoing project for managing the air quality in Makkah.

Keywords: Particulate matter; Air pollution; Makkah; Generalized additive model; Saudi Arabia