Inoka Senaratne1, Francis M. Kelliher 2, Christopher Triggs3
Received:
May 1, 2005
Revised:
May 1, 2005
Accepted:
May 1, 2005
Download Citation:
||https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2005.06.0005
Cite this article:
Senaratne, I., Kelliher, F.M. and Triggs, C. (2005). Source Apportionment of Airborne Particles During Winter in Contrasting, Coastal Cities.
Aerosol Air Qual. Res.
5: 48-64. https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2005.06.0005
The coarse (2.5-10 μm) and fine (< 2.5 μm) fractions of airborne particles were sampled during winter 2000 and 2001 in Auckland and Christchurch, New Zealand. Sampling was carried out using a versatile air pollution sampler (VAPS) and particle analyses for elemental concentrations utilized proton induced x-ray emission (PIXE) and light reflection/transmission techniques. Emission source identification was by principal component factor analysis (PCFA) with Varimax rotation while the source apportionment used the absolute principal component analysis (APCA) receptor modeling method. The major emission sources identified were classified as sea spray (SS), suspended soil and road dust (SO & RD), domestic emissions (DE), and vehicle emissions (VE, diesel and petrol). In Auckland, source apportionment to SS, SO & RD, DE, and VE emissions averaged 22, 42, 14 and 22% respectively. The corresponding averages for Christchurch were 23, 29, 25, and 23%. The colder Christchurch climate corresponded with nearly twice the DE contribution of Auckland. Containing a significant contribution from vehicles, SO & RD made the highest contribution in both cities. In Auckland, as expected, road transport was considered the dominant source of PM10. Contrary to strong local perception, this is the first report to suggest that Christchurch’s PM10 has a significant contribution from road transport during winter.
ABSTRACT
Keywords:
Versatile air pollution sampler (VAPS); Proton induced x-ray emission (PIXE); Principal component factor analysis (PCFA); Absolute principal component analysis (APCA)
